MIT's Department of Mechanical Engineering (MechE) offers a world-class education that combines thorough analysis with hands-on discovery. One of the original six courses offered when MIT was founded in , MechE's faculty and students conduct research that pushes boundaries and provides creative solutions for the world's problems The Mahakam River (Indonesian: Sungai Mahakam) is a river in Kalimantan, blogger.com flows kilometers ( miles) from the district of Long Apari in the highlands of Borneo, to its mouth at the Makassar Strait.. The city of Samarinda, the provincial capital of East Kalimantan, lies along 48 kilometers (30 mi) from the river blogger.com delta Mahakam river consist of specific micro climate Describe the composition of air and how air pollution comes about; Professional Thesis Writing and Editing Services. Custom thesis writing Buy dissertation online Write my thesis Custom dissertation Buy thesis Master's thesis Write my dissertation Dissertation help PhD dissertation help
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This thesis focuses on phd thesis on air pollution of the limitations and difficulties that exist when it comes to quantifying the human health effects that arise as a result of air pollution exposure. The following four issues are particularly analysed and discussed: 1 The measurement techniques used for carbonaceous particles and their lack of consistency; 2 Do the health risks associated with exposure to PM 10 depend on the content of elemental carbon in the aerosol?
The method that has been used is largely based on empirical data analysis, where further statistical processing has been used in order to clarify the scientific issues.
We hope that these findings will be useful from a policy point of view. Introducing a more consistent measurement technique for soot particles would be beneficial in assessing the health effects related to exposure to these particles. The increase in life expectancy associated with decreasing NO x trends shows the benefits from a public health perspective when it comes to introducing emission-reducing measures from traffic. The AQHI would be beneficial to implement in legislation, as it is based on several pollutants, which means that the cumulative health effects associated exposure to several different air pollutants are accounted for.
Combustion-related carbonaceous particles seem to be a better indicator of adverse health effects compared to PM2. Historical studies are based on black smoke BSbut more recent studies use absorbance Absblack carbon BC or elemental carbon EC as exposure indicators. To estimate health risks based on BS, we review the literature regarding the relationship between Abs, BS, BC and EC.
We also discuss the uncertainties associated with the comparison of relative risks RRs based on these conversions. EC is reported to represent a proportion between 5. Correlations of different metrics at one particular site are higher than when different sites are compared.
Comparing all traffic, urban and rural sites, there is no systematic site dependence, indicating that other properties of the particles or errors affect the measurements and obscure the results. It is shown that the estimated daily mortality associated with short-term levels of EC is in the same range as PM10, phd thesis on air pollution, but this is highly dependent on the EC to BS relationship that is used. RRs for all-cause mortality associated with short-term exposure to PM10 seem to be higher at sites with higher EC concentrations, but more data are needed to verify this.
Air pollution concentrations have been decreasing in many cities in the developed countries. We have estimated time trends and health effects associated with exposure to NOx, NO2, O-3, and Phd thesis on air pollution particulate matter in the Swedish cities Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmo from the s to Trend analyses of concentrations have been performed by using the Mann-Kendall test and the Theil-Sen method.
Measured concentrations are from central monitoring stations representing urban background levels, and they are assumed to indicate changes in long-term exposure to the population. However, corrections for population exposure have been performed for NOx, O-3, and PM10 in Stockholm, and for NOx in Gothenburg. For NOx and PM10, the concentrations at the central monitoring stations are shown to overestimate exposure when compared to dispersion model calculations of spatially resolved, population-weighted exposure concentrations, while the reverse applies to O The trends are very different for the pollutants that are studied; NOx and NO2 have been decreasing in all cities, O-3 exhibits an increasing trend in all cities, and for PM10, there is a slowly decreasing trend in Stockholm, a slowly increasing trend in Gothenburg, and no significant trend in Malmo.
Trends associated with NOx and NO2 are mainly attributed to local emis-sion reductions from traffic. Long-range transport and local emissions from road traffic non-exhaust PM emissions and residential wood combustion are the main sources of PM For O-3, the trends are affected by long-range transport, and there is a net removal of O-3 in the cities. The increasing trends are attributed to decreased net removal, phd thesis on air pollution, as NOx emissions have been reduced.
Health effects in terms of changes in life expectancy are calculated based on the trends in exposure to NOx, NO2, O-3, and Phd thesis on air pollution and the relative risks associated with exposure to these pollutants. The decreased levels of NO x are estimated to increase the life expectancy by up to 11 months for Stockholm and 12 months for Gothenburg. This corresponds to up to one-fifth of the total increase in life expectancy months in the cities during the period of Since the increased concentrations in O-3 have a relatively small impact on the changes in life expectancy, the overall net effect is increased life expectancies in the cities that have been studied.
In this study, the effects on daily mortality in Stockholm associated with short-term exposure to ultrafine particles measured as number of particles with a diameter larger than 4 nm, PNC 4black carbon BC and coarse particles PM 2. Air pollution exposure was estimated from measurements at a 20 m high building in central Stockholm.
The associations between daily mortality lagged up to two days lag 02 and the different air pollutants were modelled by using Poisson regression.
The pollutants with the strongest indications of an independent effect on daily mortality were O 3PM 2, phd thesis on air pollution.
In the single-pollutant model, an interquartile range IQR increase in O phd thesis on air pollution was associated with an increase in daily mortality of 2, phd thesis on air pollution. An IQR increase in PM 2. PM 10 was associated with a significant increase only at lag 02, with 0.
NO 2 exhibits negative associations with mortality. The significant excess risk associated with O 3 remained significant in two-pollutant models after adjustments for PM 2, phd thesis on air pollution. The significant excess risk associated with PM 2. The significantly negative associations for NO 2 remained significant in two-pollutant models after adjustments for PM 2. A potential reason for these findings, where statistically significant excess risks were found for O 3PM 2.
The concentrations of O 3 and PM 2. In this study, an Air Quality Health Index AQHI for Stockholm is introduced as a tool to capture the combined effects associated with multi-pollutant phd thesis on air pollution. Public information regarding the expected health risks associated with current or forecasted concentrations of pollutants and pollen can be very useful for sensitive persons when planning their outdoor activities.
For interventions, it can also be important to know the contribution from pollen and the specific air pollutants, judged to cause the risk. The AQHI is based on an epidemiological analysis of asthma emergency department visits AEDV and urban background concentrations of NOx, O-3, PM10 and birch pollen in Stockholm during This analysis showed per 10 mu gm -3 increase in the mean of same day and yesterday an increase in AEDV of 0. For birch pollen, the AEDV increased with 0. In comparison with the coefficients in a meta-analysis, the mean values of the coefficients obtained in Stockholm are smaller.
The mean value of the phd thesis on air pollution increase associated with PM10 is somewhat smaller than the mean value of the meta-coefficient, while for O-3, it is less than one fifth of the meta-coefficient. We have not found any meta-coefficient using NOx as an indicator of AEDV, but compared to the mean value associated with NO2, our value of NOx is less than half as large.
The AQHI is expressed as the predicted percentage increase in AEDV without any threshold level. When comparing the relative contribution of each pollutant to the total AQHI, based on monthly averages concentrations during the periodthere is a tangible pattern. The AQHI increase associated with NOx exhibits a relatively even distribution throughout the year, but with a clear decrease during the summer months due to less traffic.
O-3 contributes to an increase in AQHI during the spring, phd thesis on air pollution. For PM10, there is a significant increase during early spring associated with increased suspension of road dust. For birch pollen, there is a remarkable peak during the late spring and early summer during the flowering period. Based on daily mean values, the most important risk contribution during the study period is from PM10 with 3.
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ORCID iD: Le Tertre, Alain, PhD Santé Publique France · Environment and Health, France. Johansson, Christer, Professor Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry. Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry. Institutionen för folkhälsa och klinisk medicin, Umeå Universitet. Environment and Health Administration, SLB, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Getting better estimates of air pollution’s effect on health
, time: 3:53Graduate Degree - MIT CEE
MIT's Department of Mechanical Engineering (MechE) offers a world-class education that combines thorough analysis with hands-on discovery. One of the original six courses offered when MIT was founded in , MechE's faculty and students conduct research that pushes boundaries and provides creative solutions for the world's problems (English) Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic) Abstract [en] This thesis focuses on some of the limitations and difficulties that exist when it comes to quantifying the human health effects that arise as a result of air pollution exposure Describe the composition of air and how air pollution comes about; Professional Thesis Writing and Editing Services. Custom thesis writing Buy dissertation online Write my thesis Custom dissertation Buy thesis Master's thesis Write my dissertation Dissertation help PhD dissertation help
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